Portal:Mexico

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The Temple of Warriors at Chichen Itza, Mexico

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¡Bienvenido! Welcome to the Mexico portal

Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It covers 1,972,550 km² (761,610 sq mi), making it the world's 13th-largest country by area; with a population of almost 130 million, it is the 10th-most-populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country. Mexico is organized as a federal constitutional republic comprising 31 states and Mexico City, its capital. It shares land borders with the United States to the north, with Guatemala and Belize to the southeast; as well as maritime borders with the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Caribbean Sea to the southeast, and the Gulf of Mexico to the east.

Human presence in Pre-Columbian Mexico dates back to 8,000 BC, making it one of the world's six cradles of civilization. The Mesoamerican region hosted various intertwined civilizations, including the Olmec, Maya, Zapotec, Teotihuacan, and Purepecha. The Aztecs came to dominate the area prior to European contact. In 1521, the Spanish Empire, alongside indigenous allies, conquered the Aztec Empire, establishing the colony of New Spain in the former capital, Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City). Over the next three centuries, Spanish expansion enforced Christianity, spread the Spanish language, and exploited rich silver deposits in Zacatecas and Guanajuato. The colonial era ended in the early nineteenth century with the Mexican War of Independence. (Full article...)

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The campaigns of the Texas Revolution

The Texas Revolution (October 2, 1835 – April 21, 1836) was a rebellion of colonists from the United States and Tejanos (Hispanic Texans) against the centralist government of Mexico in the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas. Although the uprising was part of a larger one, the Mexican Federalist War, that included other provinces opposed to the regime of President Antonio López de Santa Anna, the Mexican government believed the United States had instigated the Texas insurrection with the goal of annexation. The Mexican Congress passed the Tornel Decree, declaring that any foreigners fighting against Mexican troops "will be deemed pirates and dealt with as such, being citizens of no nation presently at war with the Republic and fighting under no recognized flag". Only the province of Texas succeeded in breaking with Mexico, establishing the Republic of Texas. It was eventually annexed by the United States.

The revolution began in October 1835, after a decade of political and cultural clashes between the Mexican government and the increasingly large population of Anglo-American settlers in Texas. The Mexican government had become increasingly centralized and the rights of its citizens had become increasingly curtailed, particularly regarding immigration from the United States. Mexico had officially abolished slavery in Texas in 1829, and the desire of Anglo Texans to maintain the institution of chattel slavery in Texas was also a major cause of secession. Colonists and Tejanos disagreed on whether the ultimate goal was independence or a return to the Mexican Constitution of 1824. While delegates at the Consultation (provisional government) debated the war's motives, Texians and a flood of volunteers from the United States defeated the small garrisons of Mexican soldiers by mid-December 1835. The Consultation declined to declare independence and installed an interim government, whose infighting led to political paralysis and a dearth of effective governance in Texas. An ill-conceived proposal to invade Matamoros siphoned much-needed volunteers and provisions from the fledgling Texian Army. In March 1836, a second political convention declared independence and appointed leadership for the new Republic of Texas. (Full article...)

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Día de Muertos altar commemorating a deceased man in Milpa Alta, Mexico City

The Day of the Dead (Spanish: el Día de Muertos or el Día de los Muertos) is a holiday traditionally celebrated on November 1 and 2, though other days, such as October 31 or November 6, may be included depending on the locality. It is widely observed in Mexico, where it largely developed, and is also observed in other places, especially by people of Mexican heritage. The observance falls during the Christian period of Allhallowtide. Some argue that there are Indigenous Mexican or ancient Aztec influences that account for the custom, and it has become a way to remember those forebears of Mexican culture. The Day of the Dead is largely seen as having a festive characteristic. The multi-day holiday involves family and friends gathering to pay respects and to remember friends and family members who have died. These celebrations can take a humorous tone, as celebrants remember funny events and anecdotes about the departed.

Traditions connected with the holiday include honoring the deceased using calaveras and marigold flowers known as cempazúchitl, building home altars called ofrendas with the favorite foods and beverages of the departed, and visiting graves with these items as gifts for the deceased. The celebration is not solely focused on the dead, as it is also common to give gifts to friends such as candy sugar skulls, to share traditional pan de muerto with family and friends, and to write light-hearted and often irreverent verses in the form of mock epitaphs dedicated to living friends and acquaintances, a literary form known as calaveras literarias. (Full article...)

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Ruins, Uxmal, Mexico

image credit: Magister Mathematicae

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Hasta la Raíz (transl. To the Root) is the fifth studio album by Mexican recording artist Natalia Lafourcade, released on March 17, 2015, through Sony Music Mexico. After the success of her previous album, Mujer Divina – Homenaje a Agustín Lara (transl. Divine Woman – A Homage to Agustin Lara), a tribute to Mexican singer-songwriter Agustín Lara, Lafourcade decided to record an album with original recordings. Lafourcade spent three years writing the songs and searching for inspiration in different cities, resulting in songs that express very personal feelings regarding love. The record was produced by Lafourcade, with the assistance of Argentinian musician Cachorro López and Mexican artist Leonel García.

Upon its release, Hasta la Raíz received favorable reviews from music critics, with some critics expressing skepticism about her songwriting and saying she had stayed within her comfort zone, and others praising her evolution as a musician and naming the album one of the best pop releases of the year. The record peaked at number eight in the US Billboard Latin Albums and number one in Mexico, where it was certified double platinum and gold, with over 150,000 copies shipped in the country. Hasta la Raíz received a nomination for Album of the Year and won Best Alternative Music Album and Best Engineered Album at the 16th Latin Grammy Awards. The album also won Best Latin Rock, Urban or Alternative Album at the 58th Annual Grammy Awards. (Full article...)

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Porfirio Díaz, c. 1910

José de la Cruz Porfirio Díaz Mori GCB (/ˈdiːəs/ DEE-əss or /ˈdiːæz/ DEE-az; Spanish: [poɾˈfiɾjo ði.as]; 15 September 1830 – 2 July 1915), known as Porfirio Díaz, was a Mexican general, politician, and later dictator who served seven terms as President of Mexico, a total of 35 years, from 28 November 1876 to 6 December 1876, 17 February 1877 to 1 December 1880, and 1 December 1884 to 25 May 1911. The entire period from 1876 to 1911 is often referred to as the Porfiriato, and has been characterized as a de facto dictatorship.

Díaz was born to an Oaxacan family of modest means. He initially studied to become a priest, but eventually switched his studies to law, and among his mentors was the future President of Mexico, Benito Juárez. Díaz increasingly became active in Liberal Party politics fighting with the Liberals to overthrow Santa Anna in the Plan of Ayutla, and also fighting on their side against the Conservative Party in the Reform War. (Full article...)

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Vicente Fox Frida Kahlo Juan Diego Emiliano Zapata Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla Cantinflas Pancho Villa Antonio López de Santa Anna Chespirito Agustín de Iturbide Maximilian I of Mexico Benito Juárez Carlos Slim Diego Rivera Francisco I. Madero Juana Inés de la Cruz Carlos Salinas de Gortari Miguel de la Madrid

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In the news

8 May 2024 –: Rolling blackouts occur in several cities in Mexico amid an ongoing heatwave in the country. (The New York Times)
3 May 2024 –: Mexican authorities locate the bodies of three tourists, one American and two Australians, in Baja California, where they were reported missing in April. Three people have been arrested and are being questioned in relation to the case. (Reuters) (BBC News); U.S. Representative Henry Cuellar is indicted for accepting nearly $600,000 worth of bribes from an Azerbaijan-controlled company and a Mexican bank. (AP)
3 May 2024 – Israel–Hamas war protests: Students at the National Autonomous University of Mexico hold pro-Palestine solidarity encampments and protests. (France24)
29 April 2024 – Ecuador–Mexico relations: 2024 raid on the Mexican embassy in Ecuador; Ecuador files a complaint against Mexico at the International Court of Justice over Mexico's move to grant political asylum to former Ecuadorian vice-president Jorge Glas. (AP)

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Chicken in a dark red mole

Mole (Spanish: [ˈmole]; from Nahuatl mōlli, Nahuatl: [ˈmoːlːi]), meaning 'sauce', is a traditional sauce and marinade originally used in Mexican cuisine. In contemporary Mexico the term is used for a number of sauces, some quite dissimilar, including mole amarillo or amarillito (yellow mole), mole chichilo, mole colorado or coloradito (reddish mole), mole manchamantel or manchamanteles (tablecloth stainer), mole negro (black mole), mole rojo (red mole), mole verde (green mole), mole poblano, mole almendrado (mole with almond), mole michoacano, mole prieto, mole ranchero, mole tamaulipeco, mole xiqueno, pipián (mole with squash seed), mole rosa (pink mole), mole blanco (white mole), chimole, guacamole (mole with avocado) and huaxmole (mole with huaje).

Generally, a mole sauce contains fruits, nuts, chili peppers, and spices like black pepper, cinnamon, or cumin. (Full article...)

List of fare/cuisine articles
Mexican cuisine Cuisine of Chiapas Cuisine of Veracruz Crema (dairy product) Aztec cuisine Oaxacan cuisine Guacamole Enchilada Mexican breads Nachos Burrito Mexican street food Pozole Cheeses of Mexico Taco Pan dulce Mexican wine Sopa de fideo Tostilocos Beer in Mexico Calavera Champurrado Mexican Coke Menudo (soup)

General images

The following are images from various Mexico-related articles on Wikipedia.

Image 1Mexican Central Railway train at station, Mexico (from History of Mexico)
Image 2Entry into Mexico City by the Mexican army (from History of Mexico)
Image 3Portrait and book by Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, Baroque poet and writer. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 4Chacmool, Maya, from the Platform of the Eagles, Chichen Itza, Mexico, ca. 800–90 CE (from History of Mexico)
Image 5El Chapo in US custody after his extradition from Mexico. (from History of Mexico)
Image 6"The Fall of the Alamo" by Robert Jenkins Onderdonk (from History of Mexico)
Image 7Subcomandante Marcos (from History of Mexico)
Image 8Exconvento (Ex-convent), by José María Velasco. 1860. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 9Dining table, painted between 1857 y 1859, oleo sobre tela (oil on canvas) by Agustín Arrieta (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 10Distribution of linguistic groups around 1500. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 11Ignacio Comonfort (from History of Mexico)
Image 12Cabinet Officers of Andrés Manuel López Obrador (left) and of Enrique Peña Nieto (right). (from History of Mexico)
Image 13Battle of Centla, the first time a horse was used in battle in a war in the Americas. Mural in the Palacio Municipal of Paraíso, Tabasco (from History of Mexico)
Image 14Goddess, mural painting from the Tetitla apartment complex at Teotihuacan, Mexico, 650–750 CE (from History of Mexico)
Image 15Toltec carving representing the Aztec Eagle, found in Veracruz, 10th–13th century. Metropolitan Museum of Art. (from History of Mexico)
Image 16Teotihuacan view of the Avenue of the Dead and the Pyramid of the Sun, from the Pyramid of the Moon (from History of Mexico)
Image 17The Execution of Emperor Maximilian, 19 June 1867. Gen. Tomás Mejía, left, Maximilian, center, Gen. Miguel Miramón, right. Painting by Édouard Manet 1868. (from History of Mexico)
Image 18Mexican Army troops in the Zócalo in the 1968 Tlatelolco massacre. (from History of Mexico)
Image 19Spanish and Portuguese empires in 1790 (from History of Mexico)
Image 20Pear, Quince and Psidium cajeta. In 2010 declared the Bicentennial Dessert of Mexico. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 21A unit of Cristeros preparing for battle. (from History of Mexico)
Image 22Comanchería, territory controlled by the Comanches, prior to 1850 (from History of Mexico)
Image 23Making cigarettes in the El Buen Tono factory, Mexico City (from History of Mexico)
Image 24Surrender of Santa Anna by William Henry Huddle shows the Mexican president and general surrendering to a wounded Sam Houston in 1836. (from History of Mexico)
Image 25Mexico City street market (from History of Mexico)
Image 26Battle of Tampico (1829) (from History of Mexico)
Image 27Liberación (Liberation). Jorge González Camarena. 1908. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 28Shield Jaguar and Lady Xoc, Maya, lintel 24 of temple 23, Yaxchilan, Mexico, ca. 725 ce. (from History of Mexico)
Image 29Agustín de Iturbide the first Emperor of Mexico (from History of Mexico)
Image 30President Vicente Fox with Prime Minister of India Manmohan Singh (from History of Mexico)
Image 31Logo of the Partido Nacional Revolucionario, with the colors of the Mexican flag (from History of Mexico)
Image 32The first Braceros arrive in Los Angeles by train in 1942. Photograph by Dorothea Lange. (from History of Mexico)
Image 33La huida a Egipto (The Flight into Egypt). Miguel Cabrera, around 1700. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 34Equestrian statue of Charles IV in Mexico City (from History of Mexico)
Image 35General Pancho Villa at the entrance of Ojinaga (from History of Mexico)
Image 36A statue of a Chichimeca Warrior in the city of Querétaro (from History of Mexico)
Image 37Colossal atlantids, pyramid B, Toltec, Tula, Mexico, ca. 900–1180 AD (from History of Mexico)
Image 38Victoriano Huerta, ruler of Mexico from 1913 to 1914 (from History of Mexico)
Image 39U.S. President Barack Obama and Mexican President-Elect Enrique Peña Nieto during their meet at the White House following Peña Nieto's election victory. (from History of Mexico)
Image 40Logo of Nacional Financiera (NAFIN), the state development bank. (from History of Mexico)
Image 41"The Torture of Cuauhtémoc", a 19th-century painting by Leandro Izaguirre (from History of Mexico)
Image 42A map of Mexico 1845 after Texas annexation by the U.S. (from History of Mexico)
Image 43Cerro del Cubilete ("Dice Cup Hill"). At the top of the hill is the Cristo Rey (Christ the King) statue. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 44General Santa Anna. (from History of Mexico)
Image 45The Castillo, Chichen Itza, Mexico, ca. 800–900 CE (from History of Mexico)
Image 46Panel 3 from Cancuen, Guatemala, representing king T'ah 'ak' Cha'an (from History of Mexico)
Image 47Plutarco Elías Calles (from History of Mexico)
Image 48Viceroy José de Iturrigaray (from History of Mexico)
Image 49President Obregón. Note that he lost his right arm in the Battle of Celaya (1915), earning him the nickname of Manco de Celaya ("the one-armed man of Celaya"). (from History of Mexico)
Image 50Battle of Miahuatlán (from History of Mexico)
Image 51Club América vs Cruz Azul at the Estadio Azteca. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 52Alegoría de la Constitución de 1857, Petronilo Monroy, 1869. (from History of Mexico)
Image 53President Felipe Calderón with President of Brazil Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. (from History of Mexico)
Image 54La leyenda de los volcanes (The legend of the volcanoes). Saturnino Herrán. 1910-1912. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 55Singer and actor Pedro Infante, one of the leading figures of the Golden Age of Mexican Cinema. (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 56Chihuahua Cathedral and a monument to the city's founder, Antonio Deza y Ulloa (from History of Mexico)
Image 57President Carranza in La Cañada, Querétaro, January 22, 1916. (from History of Mexico)
Image 58Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz (from History of Mexico)
Image 59Three world leaders: (background, left to right) Mexican President Carlos Salinas de Gortari, U.S. President George H. W. Bush, and Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, observe the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement. (from History of Mexico)
Image 60Murals of Bonampak (between 580 and 800 AD) (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 61Variegated maize ears (from History of Mexico)
Image 62Sawdust carpet made during "The night no one sleeps" in Huamantla, Tlaxcala (from Culture of Mexico)
Image 631985 Mexico City earthquake (from History of Mexico)
Image 64Porfirio Díaz (from History of Mexico)
Image 65Lázaro Cárdenas mural (from History of Mexico)
Image 66Modern group monument of Cortés, Doña Marina, and their mestizo son Martín (from History of Mexico)
Image 67Gilberto Bosques Saldívar took the initiative to rescue tens of thousands of Jews and Spanish Republican exiles from being deported to Nazi Germany or Spain. (from History of Mexico)
Image 68Olmec colossal (from History of Mexico)
Image 69Buffalo Soldiers of the American 10th Cavalry Regiment taken prisoner during the Battle of Carrizal, Mexico in 1916. (from History of Mexico)

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